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Viewing this exhibit should be high on everyone's list of numismatic things to do. State of the art technology has been used to make studying the material easy and enjoyable. The display is a tribute to what can be accomplished if one has unlimited funds and time to devote to the hobby.

Few people will come close to achieving what Mr. Bass has done, but that should not prevent anyone from the enjoyment of owning at least a few choice gold coins. You do not have to collect them by date and mint to have a respectable set. Even the most advanced numismatists usually collect by type rather than going for complete series.

In the case of $2.50 and $5.00 gold coins, the challenge is easy. One specimen of each denomination is good enough for some collectors, and the coins are relatively easy to obtain, and not outrageously expensive. If your taste goes beyond that, you will want at least one specimen each of the Liberty Head type, and one of the Indian Head type for both the quarter-eagle ($2.50) and half-eagle ($5.00) coins. The designs are the same for both denominations throughout the entire range of dates, so you will likely want to go for matching types of whatever you collect.

On a limited budget, it is possible to select from a number of inexpensive coins in the EF to Uncirculated range, and if you want to go beyond that, you can treat yourself to pieces in the MS-64 to MS-66 category at prices that reflect their scarcity, but are not astronomical.

Although the Liberty and Indian pieces form the basis of most collections, there are older types that can be added to expand your set. The Classic Head series of $2.50 and $5.00 coins made from 1834 to 1838 are only slightly more expensive than the later types. If you have an eye on any of those beautiful Capped Head pieces that were issued from 1795 to 1833, you had better be prepared for sticker-shock. They are not only rare, but are highly sought by advanced collectors.

Very few people attempt to collect more than an occasional specimen of any of the early date gold coins. They are all scarce in any grade of condition, and almost unobtainable in choice Uncirculated. The reason for their scarcity is that they contained slightly more gold than the pieces made after 1834. People of that time were quick to notice the difference, and melted all available pieces for the small profit they could gain.

Collectors who move beyond gold type set collecting often try to assemble a date set of Indian Head quarter-eagles. The only seriously difficult piece in that set is the rare 1911-D, which is rather costly. Half-eagles are more of a challenge to save by date, but an interesting alternative set can be put together by saving one piece from each of the eight different U.S. mints that made them. You will have to add one of the modern commemorative $5 gold coins made at West Point to complete this set, but it will be unique because this denomination is the only one in the entire U.S. series that was struck at each of the mints.

Type coins give the collector a sense of knowing what other coins in the same series look like and a feeling of having achieved completeness in an otherwise unobtainable run of dates and mints. They make owning classic gold coins both affordable and enjoyable.

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Designs used for the early dimes closely follow those of the half-dimes until the 1870's, but the date spans of some of those coins were different. Dimes with the Draped Bust obverse and Small Eagle reverse were coined in 1796 and 1797, followed by the same obverse combined with a Heraldic Eagle reverse from 1798 to 1807.

Mint engraver John Reich designed a Capped Bust motif that made its debut on the half-dollar of 1807. It was first used in the dime series in 1809, but after that coinage was intermittent through the 1820's. In 1828, Chief Engraver William Kneass modified Reich's design somewhat and the diameter of the dime was made slightly smaller.

The Liberty Seated dimes, adapted from Christian Gobrecht's beautiful silver dollar of 1836, were produced continuously from 1838 through 1891 with several significant design modifications along the way. The New Orleans Mint struck Liberty Seated dimes from 1838 to 1891, San Francisco from 1856 to 1891, and the Carson City Mint from 1871 through 1878. These, of course, were in addition to the basic series of Seated dimes produced in Philadelphia, making this a relatively long series for collectors.

All of the proof coins made at that time were also produced at the Philadelphia Mint. They were sold to collectors at least as early as 1858, and those were the coins generally saved by numismatists. Collectors who were more interested in acquiring one coin from each date generally ignored mint-marked coins. As a result, many coins with an O, S, or CC mintmark can be relatively available in worn grade but in Uncirculated condition they may be great rarities. The same is also true about the Philadelphia production where Uncirculated coins are often more valuable than Proofs.

Barber or Liberty Head dimes were minted continuously from 1892 to 1916 in Philadelphia, with others issued from time to time from New Orleans, San Francisco, and beginning in 1906, Denver. Then followed the "Mercury" dimes from 1916 to 1945, and Roosevelt dimes from 1946 onward. In the later series of dimes there are very few variations to add to the series. The only major change was the conversion from silver to the copper-nickel clad "sandwich" coins in 1965.

The size, weight and reeded edge on all dimes have remained fairly consistent over the years and it would probably not be difficult to pass an early version of the dime in change today. Some of the old Seated Liberty coins were reported to have been seen in circulation as late as 1945. The relatively large number of dates and mintmark varieties in this series has made them more popular as type coins, rather than something to be saved as complete sets. On the other hand, the number of different types that have been issued from 1796 to the present, makes saving nice condition type coins a very rewarding challenge.

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The idea of the $4 gold coin, now called the Stella, from the star design on the reverse, arose in 1879 when John Kasson, American minister to Austria, suggested that such a denomination would fit more closely into the monetary systems of Europe. He pointed out that most similar gold coins there were of less value than the American $5 denomination, and that the smaller coin would facilitate trade.

The committee on coinage favored the recommendation and suggested that a proper name suitable for the four-dollar coin would be "One Stella", because other gold coins were named "Eagles" and the eagle and star were both national emblems. In retrospect that was a brilliant suggestion and one that would have made an ideal addition to the colorful names applied to any nation's coins.

When the plan for a $4 coin was turned over to the Mint, they invited Charles E. Barber to create some pattern pieces with an appropriate design. This was done, by Charles Barber who copied designs made earlier by his father William Barber for a pattern Flowing Hair $5 gold coin dated 1878. Then George Morgan, assistant engraver at the Mint, entered the scene and prepared a different motif, the Coiled Hair style, which was eventually used to produce about a dozen pattern pieces dated 1879 and 1880.

In the meantime, the 1879 Flowing Hair pattern coins had become a subject of popular interest in Congress, and approximately 400 additional coins were then made to meet the demands of officials who wanted them for souvenirs. Today we know that many of those coins ended up in jewelry, or found their way into circulation. Apparently they were given as favors for special friends. It was even rumored at the time that many of them turned up in Washington brothels. The remaining few pieces that are still known in choice condition have often sold for prices above $100,000.

Although the denomination was originally rejected in 1879, one proponent, Dr. Hubbell, later renewed his attempt at convincing the government that they needed a metric coinage, and in 1880 a few additional gold pattern pieces were made at the Mint using the designs of both Barber and Morgan. An estimated 10 to 15 of each were made, but the movement died for lack of action and the idea was then abandoned forever.

Did America really need a four-dollar gold coin? We will never know. It was true that many European nations used a denomination that was approximately the weight and size of the proposed $4 coin, but over time most of those pieces were abandoned in favor of other sizes. The one outstanding piece that did survive was the English gold sovereign that is still being made today, but only as a numismatic piece or bullion coin. Economic considerations all seem to have been overcome, and the strength of the American dollar never suffered in any way from not joining the other countries in a unified coinage system.

One thing is certain, collectors today all agree that the $4 Stella was one of the most beautiful and intriguing coins ever proposed for U.S. coinage, and everyone would enjoy owning a specimen if there were enough to go around.

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Nearly all collectors agree that the head of Liberty shown on numerous early issues of American coins is a classic in every way. It has stood the test of time and is still seen as an example of artistry and beauty equal to that of any nation. Until recently most students of American coinage believed the female head shown on those coins was only an idealistic image of Liberty and not an actual person. There was very little reason to think otherwise, but new evidence now shows that Lady Liberty was not only very real, but she was also an ideal individual to grace our national coinage.

That familiar "Draped Bust" design of Lady Liberty was the creation of Mint Designer Robert Scott, and was first used on United States coin in 1795. It was later used on all denominations from the copper half-cent through the silver dollar, and the same image continued in use until 1807 when it was replaced by a different rendition made by U.S. Mint Engraver John Reich.

The woman who posed for the original coin portrait was Anne Willing Bingham, the daughter of a successful Philadelphia family well known for its prominence and involvement in politics. Anne's great grandfather, Edward Shippen, was Mayor of Philadelphia. His son, Joseph, produced a famous family including his grandson, Edward Shippen, the Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, and Edward's daughter, Peggy, who in 1779 married a popular young American general named Benedict Arnold. One of Peggy's sisters married Aaron Burr. Anne, nicknamed Nancy, grew up in an opulent household, and was given a thorough education in English, music, foreign languages, and other accomplishments considered suitable for young ladies of her day. She became acquainted with many of the most remarkable people in town (some of whom were her relatives), and during the Revolutionary War, George Washington made his headquarters for a time in the house next door, where young Anne was a familiar visitor.

In 1780 Anne Willing married 28-yer old William Bingham. She was only sixteen at the time and men and women alike agreed that she was the "most beautiful young woman in Philadelphia" and often remarked on her charm. After their marriage, the couple made an extended trip to Europe and enjoyed the social life in both Paris and London. While visiting the latter city in 1785 they made the acquaintance of portraitist Gilbert Stuart. A portrait of Anne was begun by the talented artist but for unknown reasons it was never finished. The initial sketch by Stuart is the only known portrait of the woman who was later made immortal by her image on America's first coins.

When the Liberty coins were made in 1795, Anne was by then some ten years older than when her portrait was drawn and beginning to show a more mature look, and perhaps a little additional weight. Still, the hair, nose and mouth are remarkable similar and capture the beauty and eloquence of this extraordinary woman. Her numismatic portraits show a shoulder-length representation that is best seen on one of the larger denominations, but is quite recognizable on even the tiny half-dime coins of 1796 to 1805.

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What many Americans do not realize is that in addition to the coins in our pockets, or dresser drawers, there is another kind of very real money that they never get in change. That money is part of a parallel universe where there are enough silver dollars, and gold and platinum coins for all who can afford them. In addition, those coins are available in Uncirculated and Proof condition because they never get into circulation despite the fact that they are true United States legal tender coins.

Surprising as it seems the U.S. Mint is still cranking out perfectly genuine silver dollars to the delight of collectors, investors, and anyone else who wants to own these special coins. They are called "bullion" coins, and they trade at a substantial premium over face value because they contain far more than a dollars worth of silver. Each bullion silver dollar has exactly one ounce of pure silver in it, and is always worth whatever the daily spot price of silver is traded for on the open market.

These little-known bullion coins are called silver Eagles or one-ounce rounds. They are sold to the public at the price of bullion plus a small charge for fabrication and processing. They are not available through normal banking channels, but can be purchased easily from almost any coin dealer. With silver trading at around $9.50 per ounce, one of the current date bullion dollar coins can usually be purchased for about $12 at retail. Proof specimens cost a bit more, but they are of exceptional quality and beauty.

When the government began making bullion silver dollars back in 1986 their intention was to make it easy for investors to acquire silver at a reasonable price, and in a form that would be convenient, easy to recognize and hard to counterfeit. Prior to that, a number of private sources were supplying the market with one-ounce bullion bars, and some of them were of questionable weight or fineness. Eagles made by the U.S. Mint all carry the backing of the government and an assurance that these are official coins.

The design used for this new generation of silver dollars is an adaptation of the famous Walking Liberty scene that was originally modeled by the American artist Adolph A. Weinman for use on United States half-dollar coins that were minted from 1916 through 1947. It is a classic pose showing Liberty striding towards the dawn of a new day carrying an olive branch of peace and draped in a flowing striped gown, with the American flag in the background. Many commentators consider this one of the most beautiful designs ever used on any American coin.

Now that silver Eagles have been made every year from 1986 to the present they are beginning to gain a following by collectors who want to form sets of each date and mint mark in both Uncirculated and Proof. Some of the twenty years are considered scarcer than others, and early dates are becoming difficult to locate. Most of the Uncirculated coins trade for less than double bullion value, and may some day look like a real bargain when they become a true American collectible in their own right as a recognized U.S. type coin series.

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More silver dollars were struck in 1922 than in any other year. Some 84,275,000 pieces were made at the mints in San Francisco, Denver and Philadelphia. Nearly 52 million of those were made in Philadelphia for a record production that lasted until the advent of copper-nickel Eisenhower dollars in 1971. The Peace dollars made in 1923 are nearly as plentiful, with a total of over 56.6 million pieces made at the three mints.

The story behind the Peace dollar takes us back to 1918 and the end of World War I. At that time, millions of silver dollars were being held in Treasury vaults. Most of them were of the type designed by George T. Morgan, and perhaps a few of the older Liberty Seated type coins. Storing large quantities of silver dollars seemed necessary as backing for U.S. paper currency at that time, but silver was critically needed to prop up and stabilize India's sagging currency and Americans were asked to remedy the situation.

India was a colony of our British ally, and after lengthy discussion legislation known as the Pittman Act of 1918 was passed authorizing the melting of more than 270 million U.S. silver dollars. The bullion recovered from this melting was shipped directly to India. Replacements were then authorized for the melted dollars, despite the fact that the coins did not circulate much and were almost never seen in the eastern part of the country. In theory they were to be made to serve as backing for $270 million in Silver Certificates, which had been called in when their backing disappeared.

It was not until 1921 that any replacement silver dollars were made. The first of these were the old Morgan dollars, but later in the year some were made using the modernistic new design by Anthony De Francisci. These were the famous Peace dollars that commemorated the ending of the war and our nation's hopes for peace. Coinage of the new coins in 1921 was limited to only about one million pieces because of problems the mint was having striking the design in high relief.

By 1922 those problems were resolved by lowering the relief, and production soared to record quantities. It was the beginning of a serious effort to replace the millions of dollars that had been melted previously. Striking continued annually until 1928, the year in which enough new dollars were made to replace all of the melted coins. The last two years of Peace dollars were struck under new legal authority as part of President Franklin Roosevelt's efforts to get the economy to recover from the Great Depression.

When the first Peace dollars were released into circulation, they were met with enthusiasm by the general public. The pieces dated 1921 were all made in December of that year and not sent to the banks until January 1922. Coinage for that year soon followed and most people got their first glimpse of the new design on coins dated 1922. Few of them actually circulated, although many were saved as mementos. The bulk of them, and the coins that followed, went into storage and remained there for the next thirty years. Most Peace dollars are still relatively common today, but those who own even one know that they hold a piece of history unlike any other in numismatic annals.

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The doubloons and pieces-of-eight were large in comparison to other coins of the sixteenth and seventeenth century. They were popular around the world because they contained a reliable amount of high-grade gold and silver. They were the coins authorized by the Spanish kings for use in their American possessions, for international trade, and as a convenient means of transporting precious metals from their mines in the new world. Millions of dollars worth of these coins were transported back an forth across the Atlantic, enriching the Spanish coffers.

The pieces-of-eight, in particular, were well accepted everywhere, and were particularly popular in Colonial America where they were known as Pillar Dollars. In several other countries a similar size and weight were used for their national coins where they were known as talers, rijksdaalders, talleros, and talars. All of them were "decendants" from the original joachimstalers of Bohemia.

When the first United States coins were contemplated in 1786, the founding fathers decided to use the exact size and weight of the Spanish-American dollar as a basis for their new coinage system. Many coin collectors consider the Pillar Dollar to be the grandfather of all American coins, and strive to include at least one specimen in their collection. The eight-real coins, and their fractions of one-half, one-quarter and one-eight were used extensively throughout early America, and served as legal tender in this country until 1857.

Throughout the early days of this country, the use of Spanish coins was so much a part of the American economy that terms associated with them continued to be used up to the present. The most common expressions referred to the U.S. half-dollar and quarter as "four bits" or "two bits" because the fractional parts of the piece-of-eight were originally called "bits." Similarly, the stock market quotes continued to price commodities in one-eights of a dollar up until the most recent times.

The early American familiarity with Spanish coins was also responsible for the quarter-dollar denomination being chosen over a twenty-cent piece, which is a true decimal division. The Spanish-American two-reales coins (one-quarter of the piece-of-eight) were so popular and convenient that the first United States coins adopted that size and denomination to make their new coins familiar, traditional, and easy to compute. The quarter has continued to be Americas most widely used coin in circulation today, while the single experiment with making a twenty-cent coin was a failure that lasted only from 1875 to 1876.

Gold doubloons were rarely seen by the average worker in Colonial America. The value, about $16 at that time, was equal to a month's sustinance. The bulk of those coins was used for international trade, large purchases, a storehouse of wealth or, as least in legend and lore, as pirate treasure. Fortunately, many of these coins have survived and are still available to collectors today. The thought of owning such coins is still tantalizing to all of us who cherish the history they hold.